Anonymous. 1977. Avicultural Society Register of Non-domestic Birds Bred under Controlled Conditions in Britain during 1997. p. 29.

Anonymous, 1996. Understanding the ‘badly behaved’ parrot. Journal of Small Animal Practice 37:565.

Abramson, J. 1992. Legumes in the avian diet. The AFA Watchbird 19: 23-26.

Alderton, D. 1991. The Atlas of Parrots of the World. T.F.H. Publications, Neptune City , New Jersey .

Aengus, W.L. and J.R. Millam. 1999. Taming parent-reared orange-winged Amazon parrots by neonatal handling. Zoo Biology 18:177-187.

American Museum of Natural History. 1997. The Family of Parrots: Illustrations by Edward Lear. Pomegranate Artbooks , New York .

Arnold , K.E., I.P.F. Owens and N.J. Marshall. 2002. Fluorescent signaling in parrots. Science 295:92

Asmus, Jorg. 2003. Der Rostkappenpapagei. Papageien. 11: 368-372.

Athan, M.S. 1993. Guide to a Well-Behaved Parrot. Barron's Educational Series, Inc. Hauppauge , NY .

Atyeo, W. T. and Peres, T. M. 1990. Feather mites of the Aralichus canestrinii (Trouessart) complex (Acarina, Pterolichidae) from New World parrots (Psittacidae). II. From the genera Aratinga Spix, Deroptyus Wagler, Leptosittaca Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ognorhynchus Bonaparte, Pionites Heine, and Pyrrhura Bonaparte, and conclusions to the study. Fieldiana, Zool., (NS), 62: 1-30.

Atyeo, W.T., J. Gaud, and T.M. Perez. 1988. Morphotypes of New World Rhytidelasma gaud (Ararina, Pterolichidae), with (re)description of the five named and one new species. Acarologia 29: 175-187.

Badyaev, A.V., G.E. Hill, M.L. Beck, A.A. Dervan, R.A. duckworth, K.J. McGraw, P.M. Nolan, and L.A. Whittingham. 2002. Sex-biased hatching order and adaptive population divergence in a passerine bird. Science 295: 316-318.

Bartlett , C.M., and E.C. Greiner. 1986. A revision of Pelecitus Railliet & Henry. 1910 (Filarioidea, Dirofilariinae) and evidence for the “capture” by mammals of filarioids from birds. Bulletin du Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle. A8:47-99.

Bates, H., and R. Busenbark. 1960. Parrots. T.F.H. Publications, Inc., Neptune City , NJ . pp. 39-40.

Bauck, L. 1991. Feather problems. American Cage-Bird Magazine. 63: 9-12.

Bechstein, J.M. 1837. The Natural History of Cage Birds: Their Management, Habits, Food, Treatment, Breeding and the Methods of Catching Them. English edition. Groombridge and Sons, London .

Beckers, G.J.L., B.S. Nelson and R.A. Suthers. 2004. Vocal-tract filtering by lingual articulation in a parrot. Current Biology 14:1592-1597.

Beissinger, S.R. and J.R. Waltman. 1991. Extraordinary clutch size and hatching asynchrony of a neotropical parrot. Auk 108:863-871.

Beissinger, S.R. S. Tygielski and B. Eldred. 1998. Social constraints on the onset of incubation in a neotropical parrot: a nestnox addition experiment. Animal Behavior 55: 21-32.

Bennett, A.T.D., I.C. Cuthill, J.G. Partridge, and E.J. Maler. 1996. Ultraviolet vision and mate choice in zebra finches. Nature 380:433-435.

Berlepsch, H. von. 1889. Systematisches Verzeichniss der von Herrn Gustav Garlepp im Brasilien und Nord Peru im Gebeite des Obern Amazonas gesammelten Vogelbälge. Journal für Ornithologie 37:317.

Bertagnolio, P. 1974. Lories, lorikeets and caiques. Avicultrual Magazine. 80:237-238.

Blackler, R. 1991. Breeding black headed caiques (Pionites melanocephala). Magazine of the Parrot Society 25:25-26.

Blanchard, S. 1992. The black-headed caique. The Pet Bird Report. March. Reprint 4.2.

Blanchard, S. 1992. Parrot psychology. Your bird's behavior. Bird Talk. April: 40-42.

Blanchard, S. 1998. Caique behavior. Bird Talk. 16(12):44-45.

Bond, C., and L.G. Cleland. 1996. Rheumatoid arthritis: are pets implicated in its etiology? Sem. Arthritis Rheum. 25:308-317.

Bostwick, K.S., and M.J. Brady. 2002. Phylogenetic analysis of wing feather taxis in birds: macroevolutionary patterns of genetic drift? The Auk 119:943-954.

Bourne, G.R. 1975. The red-billed toucan in Guyana . The Living Bird. Thirteenth annual of the Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology 1974. Ed. by D.A. Lancaster and J.R. Johnson. pp. 99-126.

Brightsmith, D. 1999. Cooperative Breeding in Parrots and Introduction to the Column Wild Science. Bird Talk (October)

Brightsmith, D. 2000. Blue-and-gold macaws in Peru . Bird Talk. 18:28-31.

Brightsmith, D. 2002. The parrot predator. Bird Talk. 20:34-39.

Brightsmith, D. 2004. Macaw and clay lick studies at Tambopata Research Center , Peru . The AFA Watchbird 30: 34-35.

Brightsmith, D. J. 2004a. Effects of weather on parrot geophagy in Tambopata , Peru . The Wilson Bulletin 116:134-145.

British Museum . 1891. Catalogue of the Birds in the British Museum . Edited by R. B. Shrape. Vol. 20. pp. 358-363. (Vol. 20 and 21 were prepared by Count Salvadori.)

Brehm, C.L. 1842-. Monographie der Papageien. A. Schmidt, Jena , pp. 50-53. (Microfilm, Library of Congress).

Broad, S. Imports of psittacines into the U.K. (1981-1984). Magazine of the Parrot Society 21: 77-95.

Brockner, A. 1988. Die Zucht des Gelbschenkel-Rostkappenpapageis. Papageien. Jan. p. 13.

Brockner, A. 1999. Haltung und Zucht des Gelbschenkel-Rostkappenpapageien. Papageien. 8: 264-267.

Bronson, J.T. 1950. Parrot Family Birds. Their Training, Care & Breeding.  Third edition. All-Pets Magazine, Fond du Lac , WI . pp. 87-88.

Brown, C.E.1928.  Longevity of birds in captivity. The Auk. 45:345-348.

Bruner, A.G., R.E. Gullison, R.E. Rice and G.A.B. da Fonseca. 2001. Effectiveness of parks in protecting tropical biodiversity. Science 291: 125-128.

Buffon, G.L.L. 1783. Histoire naturelle des oiseaux. Paris , De l’Imprimerie royale. Vol. 7. pp 101-103.

Buffon, G.L.L. 1793. Herrn von Buffons Naturgeshichte der Vögel. Vol. 20, pp. 32-35. (Rare book room, Library of Congress).

Burros, M. 2003. The kitchen faucet is a vegetable’s best friend. New York Times. Dec. 17.

Cabral, D. 1993. Catching escaped pet birds. The AFA Watchbird. 20(4):45-47.

Canon, N.R., L.A. Tell, M.L. Needham and I.A. Gardner. 2000. Flow cytometric analysis of nuclear DNA for sex identification in three psittacine species. American Journal of Veterinary Research 61:847-850.

Centers for Disease Control. 1997. Compendium of psittacosis (chlamydiosis) control. Morbidity & Mortality Weekly Report 46(RR-13): 1-13.

Centers for Disease Control. 1998. Compendium of measures to control Chlamydia psittaci infection among humans (psittacosis) and pet birds (avian chlamydiosis). Morbidity & Mortality Weekly Report 47(RR-10): 1-14.

Centers for Disease Control. 2000. Compendium of measure to control Chlamydia psittaci infection among humans (Psittacosis and pet birds (avian chlamydiosis, 2000. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 49(RR-08): 1-17.

Chamberlain, S. 1997. The privileged birds of Peter Duchin and Brooke Hayward. Birdtalk 15(6):80-87.

Chamberlain, S. Bird-safe Gardening; soy for birds. BirdTalk 21(4):12-16.

Clark , E. 1999. Would you believe twins? The AFA Watchbird 26: 30-31.

Clark , G.A. Unipedal postures in birds. Journal of Field Ornithology 44:22-25.

Clements, J.F.1992. Birds of the World, a Check List. 4^th ed. Vista , CA .

Clipsham, R. 1997. Sex ratios in nondomestic avian species. Bird Breeder 69: 11-15.

Clipsham, R. 1998. Sweet but deadly: How toxic is that persimmon you’re feeding your bird? Bird Talk 16: 86-89.

Clubb, K., D. Skidmore, R. Schubot, and S. Clubb. Growht rates of handfed psittacine chicks. Psittacine Aviculture: Perspectives, Techniques and Research. Ed. R. M. Schubot, K.J. Clubb, and S.L. Clubb. Aviculture Breeding and Research Center , Loxahatchee , FL pp14-1to 14-19.

Clubb, S.L. 1992 The role of private aviculture in the conservation of neotropical psittacines. In: New World Parrots in Crisis. Solutions from Conservation Biology. ed. by S.R. Beissinger and N.F.R. Snyder, Smithsonian Inst. Press, Washington. pp. 117-131.

Clubb, S.L., and L. Karpinski. 1998. Aging in macaws. Cyanopsitta June(49):4-5.

Clubb, S.L. 2001. Captive management of birds for a lifetime. Journal of the American Veterinarian Medicine Association. 212:1243-1245.

Coles, B.H. 1997. Avian Medicine and Surgery. 2nd edition. Blackwell Science Ltd, Oxford , UK .

Collar, N.J. 1997. Family Psittacidae. in Del Hoyo, J., A. Elliott, and J. Sargatal (eds.) Handbook of the Birds of the World, vol. 4. Sandgrouse to Cuckoos. Lynx Edicions, Barcellona. pp. 280-477. (Plate p. 454, description p. 457.)

Collette, J.C., J.R. Millam, K.C. Klasing and P.S. Wakenell. 2000. Neonatal handling of Amazon parrots alters the stress response and immune function. Appl. An. Behav. Sci. 66:335-349.

Cotton, P.A. 2001. The behavior and interactions of birds visiting Erythrina fusca flowers in the Columbian Amazon. Biotropica 33: 662-669.

Cougill, S., and S.J. Marsden. 2003. Variability in roost size in an Amazona parrot: implications for roost monitoring. Journal of Field Ornithology 75:67-73.

Cracraft, J. 1985. Historical biogeography and paterns of differentiation within the South American avifaunas: Areas of endemism. In: P.A. Buckly, et al. Neotropical Ornithology. Ornithology Monographs, Washington , D.C. p. 36.

Csaky, K. 2000. Co-parenting macaws: a comparative study of parent-raised and hand-raised siblings. 2000 Conference Proceedings. American Federation of Aviculture. 26th Annual convention. pp. 31-36.

Cutler, B.A., T.E. Roudybush and K.D. Shannon. 1985. Viability of Cockatiel
(Nymphicus hollandicus) eggs stored up to ten days under several conditions. 34th Western Poultry Disease Conference pp. 104-106.

David, N., and Gosselin, M. 2002. Gender agreement of avian species names. Bulletin of the British Ornithologists’ Club. 122: 257-282.

Davids, A. 2000. Profile of a parrot smuggler. Bird Talk 18: 84-87.

Davis , C.S. 1991. Parrot psychology and behavior problems. Vet. Clin. North Am. Small Anim. Pract. 21:1281-1288.

Davis , T.A.W. 1953. An outline of the ecology and breeding seasons of birds of the lowland forest region of British Guiana . Ibis 95:450-467.

Dawson, C.R. 1915. Some Colony Birds. Timehri: The Journal of the Royal Agricultural and Commercial Society of British Guiana .  3^rd Series, Vol. 3, pp.270-278.

Dawson, C.R. 1916. Some Colony Birds. Bird Notes: The Journal of the Foreign Bird Club. 7(6): 208-209.

Dawson, R.D. 2004. Efficacy of diatomaceous earth at reducing populations of nest-dwelling ectoparacites in tree swallows. Journal of Field Ornithology 75:232-238.

Decoteau, A.E. The white bellied caique. 1990. The Journal of the Society of Parrot Breeders and Exhibitors. 4(3): 12-15.

DeGrahl, W. 1981. Welterstzucht der Rostkappenpapageien. Gefiederte Welt 105: 42-43.

Derscheid, J.M. 1936. A food for lorikeets. Avicultural Magazine 5^th Ser. Vol. 1: 166-167.

De Schauemsee. R.M., and W.H. Phelps. 1978. A guide to the Birds of Venezuela . Princeton University Press, Princeton , NJ

Desenne, P. 1994. Estudio preliminary de la dieta de 15 especies de pistácidos en un bosque siempreverde, cuenca del Rio Tawadu, Reserva Forestal el Caura, Edo, Bolivar. Biología y conservación de los psitácidos de Venezuela. Ed. G. Morales et al. Caracas . pp. 25-42.

Desenne, P., and S. Strahl. 1994a. Situacio poblancional y jerarquizacion de especies para la concervacion de la familia psittacidae en Venezuela . Biología y Conservación de los psitácidios de Venezuela. Ed. G. Morales et al. Caracas . pp. 231-269.

Deuer-Bury, C. 1972. Zucht des Grünzügelpapageis (Breeding of Pionites melanocephala). Gefiederte Welt 96:1-5.

Dhurandhar, N.V., B.A. Isreal, J.M. Kolesar, G.F. Mayhew , M.e. cook, and R.L. Atkinson. 2000. Increased adiposity in animals due to a human virus. Internat. J. of Obesity 24:989-996.

Diamond, J., K.D. Bishop, and J.D. Gilardi. 1999. Geophagy in New Guinea birds. Ibis 141:181-193.

Doane, B.M. 1991. The Parrot in Health and Illness. Howell Book House, New York .

Doane, B.M., and T. Qualkinbush. 1994. My Parrot, My Friend: An Owner’s Guide to Parrot Behavior. Macmillan General Reference, New York , NY .

Donoghue, S., and S. Stahl. 1997. Clinical nutrition of companion birds. J. Avian Med. and Surg. 11:228-246.

Dooling, R.J., M.R. Leek, O. Gleich, M.L. Dent. 2002. Auditiory temporal resolution in birds: discrimination of harmonic complexes. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America . 112: 748-759.

Duchin, P. 1996. Ghost of a Chance. A Memoir. Random House, New York , p. 355.

Dunn, T. 2002. To Bolivia and back. Zoogoer 31:8-13.

Dyck, J. 1971. Stucture and spectral reflectance of green and blue feathers of the rose-faced lovebird (Agapornis roseicollis). Biol. Skrifter. 18:5-65.

Eberhard, J.R. 2002. Cavity adoption and the evolution of coloniality in cavity-nesting birds. Condor 104:240-247.

Edwards, G. 1751. A Natural History of Uncommon Birds, London . Plate 169.

Elgas, B. 1992. Straight talk regarding hybridization. The AFA Watchbird 19: 12-13.

Erb, L. and A.B. Bercovitz. 1981. Fecal steroid analysis: non-disruptive technique for psittacine endocrine studies. Conservation of New World Parrots. Proceeding of the ICBP Parrot Working Group Meeting , St. Lucia , 1980. Ed. R.F. Pasquier, Smithsonian Institution Press. pp. 65-71.

Finsch, O. 1868. Die Papageien Monographisch Bearbeitet. E.J. Brill, Leiden . Vol. 2, Part 1 pp. 431-439.

Fish and Wildlife Service. Traveling abroad with your pet bird. The AFA Watchbird. 20: 45-46.

Folk, D. 1991. The black-headed caique. Parrotworld 8(5):5-7.

Forshaw, J.M. 1973. Parrots of the World. Lansdowne Press, Melbourne , Australia . pp. 481-483.

Forys, E.A., and C.R. Allen. 1999. Biologcial invasions and deletions: community change in sout Florida . Biological Conservation 87: 341-347.

Fox, M.R.S., and G.M. Briggs. 1959. Effects of dietary lactose upon chicks fed a purified diet. Poultry Science 964-968.

Francisco, M.R., and P.M. Galetti. 1999. Análises citogenéticas das aves do Parque Ecológico de São Carlos III. Un caso de convergéncia de caudo em psittacidae. Abstract BA 014. VII Congreso de Iniciação Centifica-UFSCar. San Carlos , Brasil.

Francisco, M.R., D.O. Lunardi and P. M. Galetti. 2001. Chromosomal evidence of adaptive convergence in the tail morphology of neotropical psittacidae (Aves, Psittaaciformes). Cytologia 66:329-332.

Freyer, M. 1996. Erfahungen mit Grünzügelpapageien. Papagein Oct. p. 264.

Friedmann, H. and M. Davis. 1938. “Left-handedness” in parrots. Auk 55:478-480.

Fry, C.H. 1970. Ecological distribution of birds in north-eastern Mato Grosso State , Brazil . Anais da Academia Brazileira de Ciências 42:275-318.

Furner, 1936. A Derby member’s aviaries. Aviculture Magazine. 5^th Ser. Vol. 1, pp. 6-10.

Galetti, M. 2002. Capitulo 3. Métodos para avaliar a dieta de psitacideos. Ecologia e Conservaçao de psitacideos no Brasil. Melopsittacus Publicaçoes Cientificas, Belo Horizonte , Brazil . Pp. 113-122.

Garner, J.P., C.L. Meehan and J.A. Mench. 2003. Sterotypies in caged parrots, schizophrenia and autis: evidence for a common mechanism. Behavioral Brain Research 145: 125-134.

Garrod, A.H. 1874. On some points in the anatomy of the parrots which bear on the classification of the suborder. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London . pp. 586-598.

Gilardi, J.D., and C.M. Munn. 1998. Patterns of activity, flocking, and habitat use in parrots of the Peruvian Amazon. The Condor 100: 641-653.

Gilardi, J.D., S.S. Duffey, C.A. Munn and L.A. Tell. 1999. Biochemical functions of geophagy in parrots: detoxification of dietary toxins and cytoprotective effects. J. Chem Ecology 25:897-922.

Gill, G.E., R.T. Fowler and S.A. Mori. 1996. Pollination biology of Symphonia globulifera (Clusiaceae) in central French Guiana . Biotopica 30:139-144.

Goldsmith, T.H., and B.K. Butler. 2003. The roles of receptor noise and cone oil droplets in the phototopic spectral sensitivity of he budgerigar, Melopsittacus undulatus. Journal of Comparative Physiology A. 189:135-142

Goldstein, D., P. Hugo, D. Hugo, B. Kiger, D. Kiger, and V. Oberlander. 1996. Charismatic caiques. Bird Talk April: 98-103.

Gonzales, F. 1996. Caiques. The AFA Watchbird 23:45-46.

Gottlieb, G. 1997. Synthezing nature-nuture: prenatal roots of instinctive behavior. Erlbaum, Mahwah , NJ .

Grau, C.R., T.E. Roudybush, P. Vohra, F.H. Kratzer, M. Yang and D. Nearenberg. 1989. Obscure relations of feather melanization and avian nutrition. World’s Poultry Sci. J. 45:241-246.

Gray, G.R. 1849. The Genera of Birds. Longman, Brown, Green and Longmans, London . Vol. 1. p. 15.

Griffiths, R., and B. Tiwari. 1993. The isolation of molecular markers for the identification of sex. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 90:8324-8326.

Grimes, J.E. 1987. Zoonoses acquired from pet birds. Veterinary Clinics of North America: small Animal Practice. 17:209218.

Haffer, J. 1969. Speciation in Amazonian forest birds. Science 165:131-137.

Haffer, J. 1974. Avian speciation in tropical South America . Nuttall Ornithological Club, No. 14. Cambridge , MA .

Haffer, J. 1977. Verbreitung und Hybridisation der Pionites papageien amazoniens. (Distribution and hybridization of the Pionites parrots of Amazonia .) Bonner Zoologische Beiträge. 28(3-4):269-278. (German.)

Haffer, J. 1978. Distribution of Amazon forest birds. Bonner Zoologische Beiträge. 29:38-78.

Hargis, V.A., et al. 1989. Avocado (Persea americana ) intoxication in caged birds. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 194:64-66.

Harris, L.J. 1989. Footedness in parrots: three centuries of research. Can. J. Psychol. 43: 369-396.

Hau, M. 2001. Timing of breeding in variable environments: tropical birds as model systems. Hormones and Behavior 40:281-290.

Hausmann, F., K.E. Arnold , N.J. Marchall, and I.P.F. Owens. 2003. Ultraviolet signals in birds are special. Proceedings of the Royal Society, London B. 270:61-67.

Haverschmidt, F. 1948. Bird weights from Surinam . Wilson Bulletin. 60:230-239.

Haverschmidt, F. 1968. Birds of Surinam . Oliver & Boyd, London , pp. 143, 145.

Hawley, J. 1997. Bernard Roer, olde master aviculturist. The AFA Watchbird 24:39-41.

Hawley, S.B. 1994. Food toxicosis in birds. Caged Bird Hobbyist. 2:10-13.

Heath, L.A. , S.E. Wilkie, J.K. Bowmaker and D.M. Hunt. 1997. The red and green opsins of two avian species, the budgerigar, Melopsittacus undulatus, and the mallard duck, Anas platyrhyncus. Gene 204:121-126.

Hefton, D.M. 1997. Psittacine bathing. A fundamental aspect of care. The AFA Watchbird 24: 51-52.

Heine, F., and A. Reichnow. 1882-1890. Nomemclator Musei Heineani ornithologici. Friedlander & Sohn , Berlin . p. 231.

Heinsohn, R., S. Legge and S. Barry. 1997. Extreme bias in sex allocation in Eclectus parrots. Proceedings of the Royal Society London 264:1325-1329.

Henke, S.E., V.C. Gallardo, B. Martinez, and R. Bailey. 2001. Survey of aflatoxin concentrations in wild bird seed purchased in Texas . Journal of Wildlife Diseases 37: 831-835.

Herlitz, D., and Z. Bernard. 2000. An erythristic yellow-billed parrot Amazona collaria. Bull. Br. Ornithol. Club 120:50.

Hile, A.G., T.K. Plummer and G.F. Stiedter. 2000. Male vocal imitation produces call convergence during pair bonding in budgerigars, Melopsittacus undulatus. Animal Behavior 59: 1209-1218.

Hilty, S.L., and W.L. Brown. 1986. A Guide to the Birds of Columbia . Princeton University Press, Princeton , NJ . p. 209.

Hilty, S. 1994. Birds of Tropical America, a Watcher’s Guide to Behavior, Breeding and Diversity. Pub. Ltd., Shelburne , VT

Hine, B. 1997. Those Caique Clowns. The Pet Bird Report. 7(2):58-61.

Hogan, L.S. 1991. Nutritional benefits of canola rapeseed. American Cage-Bird Magazine. 63(2):16-17.

Holland , J.R. 1971. The Amazon. A.S. Barnes and Co., London . (Although identified only as a pet parrot, the bird in photograph 10 is a black headed caique.)

Hollaway, B. 1997. Caique Party Time. Bird Talk 15(Aug): 32-39.

Hollaway, B. and V. Hollaway. 1999. Calling all caiques. Bird Talk. 17(4):42-49.

Holmes, E. 1857. Birds injurious of agriculture. Report of the Commissioner of Patents for the year 1856. Agriculture. Washington , DC pp147-148.

Homberger, D.G. 1980. Funktionell-morphologishe Untersuchungen zur Radiation der Ernahrungs- und Trinkmethod der Papageien (Psittaci). Zoologisches Forschungsinstitut und Museum Alexander Koenig. Bonn .

Homberger, D.G. 1981. Functional morphology and evolution of the feeding apparatus in parrots, with special reference to the Pesquet’s parrot Psittrichas fulgidus (Lesson). Conservation of New World Parrots. Proceeding of the ICBP Parrot Working Group Meeting , St. Lucia , 1980. Ed. R.F. Pasquier, Smithsonian Institution Press. pp. 471-485.

Hopkinson, E. 1914. English names for the parrots. Avicultural Magazine. 6(1): 43.

Howard, B.R. 1992. Health risks of housing small psittacines in galvanized wire mesh cages. J.Am.Vet.Med.Assoc. 200:1667-1674.

Hoyo J. del , A. Elliot, J. Sargatal and N.J. Collar. 1992-. Handbook of the Birds of the World. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona . Vol. 4. p, 457, Plate p 454.

Hummel, M. 2004. Spice it up with caiques. Birdtalk. 22(3): 44-49.

Hunt, D.M., I.C. Cuthill, A.T. Bennett, S.C. Church and J.C. Partridge. 2001. Is ultraviolet waveband a special communication channel in avian mate choice? Journal of Experimental Biology 204:2499-2507.

Hunt, D.M., S.E. Wilkie, J.K. Bowmaker, and S. Poopalasundaram. 2001. Vision in the ultraviolet. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences 58:1583-1598.

Ireland , T. 1988. Caiques. Presentation made at the Convention of the American Federation of Aviculture. Tampa , FL (Audio recording).

Jansen, A., A. Vermeulen, P.H. Dieges and A.W. van Toorenenbergen. 1996. Allergy to pine nuts in a bird fancier. Allergy 51:741-744.

Johnson, K.A. 1992. 1991 Psittacine captive breeding survey. A survey of private Aviculture in the United States. TRAFFIC USA . Washington , D.C.

Jordt, S.-E., and D. Julius. 2002. Molecular basis for species-specific sensitivity to “hot” chili peppers. Cell 108: 421-430.

Juniper, T., and M. Parr. 1998. Parrots. A Guide to Parrots of the World. Yale University Press, New Haven , CN pp. 503-505.

Kaiser, J. 1999. Getting to the roots of carbon loss, chili’s gain. Science 285:1198-1199.

Kubitzki, K. 1985. The dispersal of forest plants. In: Amazonia . Ed. By G.T. Ghilean and T.E. Lovejoy , New York , Pergamon Press. pp. 192-206.

Kuhl, H.. Conspectus Pisttacorum. Nova acta Leopoldina Bonn. Vol 10. pp. 1-104.

Langenberg, J.A., J.A. Teare, R.J. Carolan and R.J. Montali. 1983. Hematopoietic and lympho reticular tumors in zoo animals. Lab. Invest. 48:48A.

Latham, J. 1790. Index ornithologicus, sive Systmea ornithologiae; complectens avium divisionem in classes, ordines, genera, species, ipsaruque vrietates. Londonini. Vol. 1. p. 128.

Lepperhoff, L. 2001. Gelbschenkel-Rostkappenpapageien im Regenwald Westamazoniens. Gefiederte Welt. April pp. 114-117.

Lessells, K., and C. Mateman. 1996. Molecular sexing of birds. Nature 383:761-762.

Le Vaillant, F. ca. 1801. Histoire Naturelle des Perroquets. Vol. 2. Plates 119 & 120. Levrault, Schoell & Company.

Le Vaillant, F. Natural History of Parrots. Vol. 2. pp 51-52. Plates 119 & 120. Imprimé, Sydney , Australia . Translated by B. Pacula. 1989

Levey, D.J., C. Martinez del Rio . 2001. It takes guts (and more) to eat fruit: lessons from avian nutritional ecology. The Auk 118:819-831.

Lima , R. 1996. The care and breeding of caiques. The AFA Watchbird 23:34-38.

Lima , R. 1999. The care and breeding of caiques. ASA Avicultural Bulletin July.

Lindholm, J.H. 1999. An historical review of parrots bred in zoos in the USA . Avicultural Magazine 105: 145-184.

Linné, C. von. 1758. Systema naturae. Per regna tria, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum charachteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Holmiae. Impensis L. Salvii.  Vol. 2. p. 102.

Lloyd, D. 1895. Some Guiana parrots. Timehri: The Journal of the Royal Agricultural and Commercial Society of British Guiana . 9:273-278

Lorenz, K. 1991. Here am I--Where are you? The behavior of the Greylag Goose. Translated by M. Martys and A. Tipler. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich , New York .

Low, R. 1972. The Parrots of South America . John Gifford Ltd., London . pp. 177-184.

Low, R. 1987. Hand-Rearing Parrots and Other Birds. Blandford Press, London .

Low, R. 1988. Parrots. Their care and breeding. 2nd ed., rev. Blandford Press, London , pp. 318-320. (in 3rd ed., pp. 327-329).

Low, R. 1988a. The Complete Book of Parrots. Barron’s, New York .

Low, R. 1989. Captive breeding of threatened neotropical parrots. The AFA Watchbird CITES issue.

Low, R. 1991. Feeding fruits to parrots. American Cage-Bird Magazine. 63(2): 46-49.

Low, R. 2002. Auffallend und Beliebt-Grüzugel- und Rostkappenpapageien. Gefiederte Welt, August pp. 271-273.

Low, R. 2003. Caiques. DONA Publishing , Czech Republic .

Ludemann, L., L. Graham, and S. Clubb. 1992. Poisonous plants. In: Psittacine Aviculture. Perspectives, Techniques, and Research. Avicult. Breed. & Res. Center , Loxahatchee , FL pp. 6.1-6.9.

Lüling, K.H. 1989. Meine seltenen Papageien aus Südamerika. Die Gefiederte Welt. April pp. 110-111 and May pp. 141-143.

Lunardi, O.V., M.R. Francisco, G.T. Rocha, B. Goldschmidt, and P.M. Galetti. 2003. Karyotype description of two neotropical psittacidae species: the endangered hyacinth macaw, Androrhynchus hyacinthinus, and the hawk-headed parrot, Deroptyus accipitrinus (psittaciformes: aves), and its significance for conservation plans. Genetics and Molecular Biology 36: 283-287.

Magnino, S., G. Conzo, A. Fioretti, L.E. Menna, T. Rampin, G. Sironi, M. Fabbi, and E.F. Kaleta. An outbreak of Pacheco’s parrot diesease recently imported to Campania , Italy : isolation of psittacid herpesvirus 2. J. Vet. Med. B. 43: 631-637.

Mancianti, F. S. Nardoni, and R. Ceccherelli. 2002. Occurrence of yeast in psittacines deoppings from captive birds in Italy . Mycopathologia. 153:121-124.

Mann, R.E.H. 1976. Breeding attempts by white-bellied caiques. Avicultural Magazine. 82:86-90.

Manning, A.F. 1991. Characteristics of the black headed caique. Magazine of the Parrot Society. 25:129-130.

Manning, A. 1994. The icing on the caique. Parrot Magazine Issue 4 (Summer): 52-54.

Manning, A.F. 1996. Black-headed caiques: Colorful characters. Just Parrots and Parakeets. October/November: 12-13

Marshall, T. 1989. Captivating caiques. Bird Talk Sept:14-17.

Marshall, T. 1995. Captivating caiques. The AFA Watchbird. 22:8-9.

Marshall, T. 2000. Little Bit: a caique’s story. Pet Bird Report. 9(3):76-77.

Maslin, M.A., and S.J. Burns. 2000. Reconstruction of the Amazon basin effective moisture availability over the past 14,000 years. Science 290: 2285-2287.

Massie, M.J., and S.L. Clubb. 1998. Utilizing formulated diets in feeding strategies for breeding psittacines. IV International Parrot Convention. Loro Parque, Tenerife , Spain .

Matson, K.D, 2000. The science of tastefully formulating bird food. Exotic Bird Report. 12:1-3.

Matson, K.D., J.R. Millam and K.C. Klasing. 2001. Thresholds for sweet, salt, and sour taste stimulai in cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus). Zoo Biology 20: 1-13.

Maués, M.M. and Venturieri, G.C. 1997. Pollination ecology of Platonia insignis Mart. (Clusiaceae), a fruit tree from eastern Amazon basin. Proc. Internat. Sump. On Pollination, Acta Horticulturae 437:255-259.

McGrath, J. 1992. The value of feeding lupins to your parrots. The AFA Watchbird 19: 22.

McGraw, K.J., G.E. Hill, R. Stradi, and R.S. Parker. 2001. The influence of carotenoid acquisition and utilization on the maintenance of species-typical plumage pigmentation in male American goldfinches (Carduelis tristis) and norther cardinals (Cardinalis cardinalis). Physiological & Biochemical Zoology 74:843-852.

McGraw, K.J., and M.C. Nogare. 2004. Carotenoid pigments and the selectivity of psittacofulvin-based coloration systems in parrots. Comparitive Biochemistry and Physiology B 138:229-233.

McLoughlin, E. 1983. The black-headed caique--field notes. Avicultural Magazine 89:43-46.

Mee, Margaret. 2004. Margaret Mee’s Amazon: Diaries of an Artist. Antique Collector’s Club/The royal Botaic Gardens , Kew , London . pp. 129-143.

Mettke-Hofmann, C., H. Winkler, and B. Leisier. 2002. The significance of ecological factors for exploration and neopobia in parrots. Ethology 108: 249-272.

Millam, J.R. 1999. Husbandry and care of research parrot colonies. Poultry and Avian Biology Reviews 10:85-89.

Mine, Y., C. Oberle and Z. Kassaify. 2003. Eggshell matrix proteins as defense mechanism of avian eggs. Journal Agricultural and Food Chemistry 51:249-253.

Mistrello, A.R., G. Roncarolo and S. Amato. 2004. Airbourne allergy to sunflower seed. Journal of Investigative Allergology and Clinical Immunology 14:244-246.

Mitchell, P.C. 1911. On longevity and relative viability of mammals and birds: with a note of the theory of longevity. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London . pp. 425-548.

Moegenburg, S.M., and D.J. levey. 2002. Prospects for conserving biodiversity in Amazonian extractive reserves. Ecology Letters 5:320-324.

Moegenburg, S.M., and D.J. Levey. 2003. Do frugivors responde to fruit harvest? An experimental study of short-term responses. Ecology 84: 2600-2912.

Monaghan, P., and N.B. Metcalfe. 2000. Genome size and longevity. Trends in Genetics 16: 331-332

Morabia, A., S. Stellman, L.H. Lumey and E.L. Wynder. 1998. Parakeets, canaries, finches, parrots and lung cancer. British Journal of Cancer 77:501-504.

Morton, E.S. 1975. Ecological sources of selection on avian sounds. American Naturalist 109:17-34.

Myers , S.A. , J.R. Millam, T.E. Roudybush and C.R. Grau. 1988. Reproductive success of hand-reared vs. parent-rered cocatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus). The Auk 105: 536-542.

Naka, L. N. 2004. Structure and organization of canopy bird assemblages in Central Amazonia . Auk 121:88-102.

Neufeld, L. The wonderful world of caiques. 1996. Canadain Parrot Symposium.

Nicholson, H.J. 1877. Text-Book of Zoology for Schools and Colleges. Appleton & Co., NY.

Nicholson, J. 1929. Brock’s Book on Birds. 13th edition, Nicholson and Brock Limited, Toronto .

Nores, M. 1999. An alternative hypothesis for the origin of Amazonian bird diversity. Journal of Biogeography 26:475-486.

Novaes, F.C. 1981. A estrutura da especie nos periquitos do genero Pionites Heine. (The species structure of the parrot genus Pionites psittacidae aves), Boletim do Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi (Zool.) No. 106:1-21. (Portugese.)

Ohtani, Y., K. Kojima, Y. Sumi, M. Sawada, N. Inase, S. Miyake and Y. Yoshizawa. 2000. Inhalation provocation tests in chronic bird fancier’s lung. Chest 118: 1382-1389.

O’Neill, J.P. 1980. Comments on the status of the parrots occurring in Peru . In: Conservation of New World Parrots. Ed. R.F. Pasquier.

Orlog, Claës C. 1968. Las Aves Sudamericanas. Universidad Nacional de Tucaman , Argentina . p. 270.

Ouboter, P. 2001. Assessment of traded wildlife species. WWF Guianas Report #GFECP07.

Palmer, M. 1995. Letter to the Editor. Magazine of the Parrot Society. 29:364-365.

Parker, T. A., S.A. Parker and M.A. Plenge.1982 An Annotated Checklist of Peruvian Birds. Buteo Books, Vermillion, SD.

Parker, T.A. 1982. Observations of some unusual rainforest and marsh birds in southeastern Peru . Wilson Bulletin 94:477-493.

Patel, A.M., J.H. Ryu, and C.E. Reed. 2001. Hypersensitivity pneumonitis: current concepts and future questions. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 108:661-670.

Pearn, S.M., A.T Bennett and I.C. Cuthill. 2001. Ultraviolet vision, fluorescence and mate choice in a parrot, the budgerigar Melopsittacus undulatus. Proc. Royal Society of London . Series B: Biological Sciences. 268:2273-2279.

Pearson, D.L. 1971. Vertical stratification of birds in a tropical dry forest. Condor 73:46-55.

Pearson, D.L. 1975. The relation of foliage complexity to ecological diversity of three Amazonian bird communities. Condor 77:453-466.

Pearson, J.T. 1998. Development of thermoregulation and posthatching growth in the altricial cockatiel Nymphicus hollandicus. Physiological Zoology. 71:237-244.

Pelzeln, A von. 1871. Zur Ornithologie Brasiliens. A. Pichler’s Wite & Sohn. Wein pp. 262-264.

Penard, F.P. 1908. De vogels van Guyana. Paramaribo . Pp.526-527.

Peres, C.A. 2000. Identifying keystone plant resources in tropical forests: the case of gums from Parkia pods. Journal of Topical Ecology 16:287-317.

Peres, C.A. , J. Barlow and T. Haugaasen2004. Vertebrate responses to surface wildfires in a central Amazonian forest. Oryx 37:97-109.

Peres, M. 1999. An alternative hypothesis for the origin of Amazonian bird diversity. Journal of Biogeography 26:475-786.

Peters, J.L. 1937, Check-List of Birds of the World. Harvard University Press, Cambridge , MA Vol. 3. p. 210.

Phalen, D.N. 1998. Avian polyomavirus: my thoughts. The AFA Watchbird 25(Sept/Oct):28-39.

Phelps, K. D. de 1954. Aves Venezolanas. Caracas, Creole Petroleum Corp. p. 26

Poltimore, Lady. 1930. Breeding of the black-headed and white-breasted caiques. Avicultural Magazine 5th series:294-296.

Poltimore, Lady. 1958. Black-headed x white-bellied caique hybrid and some notes about the wild birds of Sourthern Rhodesia . Avicultural Magazine 64:89-90.

Pradanovic, H., C. Raherison, J.M. Vernejoux, J.M. Tunon de Lara and A. Taytar. 2002. [Does the presence of a pet at home influence the prevalence of asthma and rhinitis?] Revue des Maladies Respiratoirs 19: 735-740.

Prestwich, A.A. 1949. Records of parrot-like birds bred in the United States of America . London . p. 21.

Prestwich, A.A. 1950. Records of parrots bred in captivity. London . p. 98.

Prestwich, A.A. 1954. Records of parrots bred in captivity (Additions) London . p. 21.

Prestwich, A.A. 1955. Caiques. Avicultural Magazine 61:155-167.

Prestwich, A.A.. 1963. “I name this parrot…”, Kent, England .

Prodanovic, H. C. Raherison, J.M. Vernejoux, J.M. Tunon de Lara and A. Taytar. 2002. [Does the presence of a pet at home influence the prevalence of asthma and rhinitis?] Revue des Maladies Respiratoires. 19:735-740.

Protor, N.S., and P.J. Lynch. 1993. Manual of Ornithology. Yale Univerisity Press, New Haven .

Prum, R.O., J.D. Kaplan and J.E. Pierson. 1996. Display behavior and natural history of the Yellow-crowned manakin (Heterocercus flavivertex: pipridae). The Condor 98:722-735.

Prus, S.E., S.L. Clubb, K. Flammer. 1992. Doxycycline plasma concentrations in macaws fed a medicated corn diet. Avian Diseases 36:480-483.

Quint, L.M. 1986. Take a peek at the caique. Bird Talk July:57-61.

Ralph, C.L. 1969. The control of color in birds. Am. Zoologist 9:521-530.

Rasmussen, C. 1999. Flock sizes of parrots recorded in the terra firme lowland rainforest in Parque Nacional Yasuni, Ecuador . Papageienkunde (2):141-145.

Reece, R.L., D.B. Dickson, and P.J. Burroes. 1986. Zinc toxicity (new wire disease) in aviary birds. Aust. Vet. J. 63:199.

Reichnow, A., H. von Boetticher, J. Steinbacher and G. Mützel. 1955. Vogelbilder aus fernen Zonen—Papageien. Plungstadr. Reprint of original published 1883, Berlin . Plate (Tafel) 10, Description p 51.

Reillo, P.R., K. McGowan, R. Meyerson-McCormick and A. Coons. 1998. A Management Guide for the White-Bellied Caique Parrot (Pionites leucogaster xanthomeria). Rare Species Conservatory Foundation, Loxahatchee , FL.

Reillo, P.R., and K.A. McGovern. 2000. White-bellied caique PMP. AZA Annual Report on Conservation and Science 1997-98. p.262.

Remsen, J.V., and M.A. Traylor 1989. An annotated list of birds of Bolivia. Buteo Books, Vermillion, SD.

Richerson , S.A. 2002. Poisonous plants. Bird Talk 20:22-25.

Ridgely, R.S. 1980. The current distribution and status of mainland neotropical parrots. In: R.F. Pasquier, Conservation of New World Parrots. Smithsonian Intitution Press , Washington , D.C. pp. 330-332.

Ridgely, R.S., and P. J. Greenfield. 2001. The Birds of Ecuador . Vol. 1. Cornell University Press, Ithaca , NY .

Risdon, D.H.S. 1973. The eating of meat by parrots. Avicultural Magazine 79:87-88.

Ritchie, B.W., and D.W. Dreesen. 1988. Avian zoonoses: proven and potential diseases Part I. Bacterial and parasitic diseases. Compendium of Small Animal Practice.  10: 484-492.

Ritchie, B.W., F.D. Niagro, K.S. Latimer, et al.. 1991. Polyomavirus infections in adult psittacine birds. J. Assoc. Avian Vet. 7:202-206.

Ritchie, B.W., F.D. Niagro, K.S. Latimer, Steffens, W.L., D. Pesti, R.P. Campagnoli, and P.D. Lukert. 1992. Antibody response to and maternal immunity from an experimental pittacine beak and feather disease vaccine. Am. J. Vet. Res. 53:1512-1518.

Ritchie, B.W., N. Pritchard, K.S. Latimer, and P.D. Lukert. 1994. Susceptility of avian polyomavirus to inactivation. The AFA Watchbird 21: 16-21.

Ritchie, B.W., F.D. Niagro, K.S. Latimer, N. Pritchard, R.P. Campagnoli, and P.D. Lukert. 1996. An inactivated avian polyomavirus vaccine is safe and immunogenic in various psittaciformes. Vaccine 14:1103-1107.

Robinson, J.M. 2001. The dynamics of avicultural markets. Environmental Conservation 28:76-85.

Rodner, C., M. Lentino and R. Restall. 2000. Checklist of the Birds of Northern South America . Pica Press , Sussex . pp. 23-24.

Roet, E.C., D.S. Mack and N. Duplaix. 1980. Psittacines imported by the United States (October 1979-June 1980). Conservation of New World Parrots. Smithsonian Institution Press. p. 21

Rogers , C.H. 1969. Pet Library's Parrot Guide. The Pet Library Ltd., New York , NY , pp. 154-155.

Rosskopf, W.J. and R.W. Woerpel. 1987. Avian Emergency Care. Companion Animal Practice 1:19-34.

Roudybush, T. 1994. What is the use of lactobacilli and other probiotics in animal health? Bird World 15(5): 9.

Roudybush, T.E. 1999. Psittacine nutrition. Veterinary Clinics or North America : Exotic Animal Practice. 2:111-125.

Russ, K. 1879-1899. Die fremdländischen Stubenvögel, ihre Naturgeschichte, Pflege and Zucht. C. Rumpler, Hanover Vol. 3.

Rutter, W.J., P. Krichevsky, H.M. Scott and R.G. Hansen. 1953. The metabolism of lactose and galactose in the chick. Poultry Science 32:706-715.

Salvadori, T. 1891. Catalogue of the birds in the British Museum . Ed. R. B. Sharpe. 20:358-363.

Salvadori, T. 1906. Notes on Parrots. The Ibis. Series 8. 6: 652-653.

San, Ng San. 2002. Environmental enrichement for International Zoo News parrots in naturalistic settings. 49:(315). Access through http://www.zoonews.ws/IZN/

Schomburk, M.R. 1922-1923. Travels in British Guiana , 1840-1844. Translated by W.E. Roth. Daily Chronicle, Georgetown , British Guiana . p. 91.

Schroeder, D. 2002. Flowers with flavor. Bird Talk 20:66-67.

Schubot, R.M., K.J. Clubb and S.L. Clubb. 1992. Psittacine Aviculture. Perspectives, techniques and Research. Avicult. Breed. Res. Cent. Loxahatchee. FL, p. 3-8.

Sclater, P.L. 1857. Further additions to the list of birds received in collections from Bogota . . Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London . pp. 15-20.

Sclater, P.L. 1857a. On a collection of birds transmitted by Mr. H.W. Bates from the upper Amazon. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London . pp. 261-268.

Sclater, P.L. 1862. Catalogue of a collection of American birds. N. Trubner and Co., London . p. 355.

Sclater, P.L. 1862. Catalogue of a Collection of American Birds. N. Trubner & Co., London . p.355

Sclater, P.L. 1873. On the birds of Eastern Peru . Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London . p. 301.

Sclatter, P.L. 1873a. Nomenclator avium neotopicalium. Londinin, p. 114.

Sclater, P.L. 1879. Remarks on some parrots living in the Society’s gardens.  Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London . pp.299-301.

Sclater, W.L. 1887. A few notes on British Guiana and its birds. The Ibis. Series 5, 5: 315-319.

Seo, D.S., Y.H. Hong, K.D. Choi, M.H. Yang, Y.S. Shin and J.Y. Han. 1995. Production of chimeric chickens (white leghorn tautm native ogol) by blastodermal cell transfer. Korean J. An. Sci. 37:27-32.

Shade, R. 2000. Bronze-winged pionus research project. Part II. Original Flying Machine Sept/Oct: 42-45.

Sharpe, R.B. A Hand-List of the Genera and Species of Birds. London . Vol. 2, p. 25.

Shaw, G. 1809-1812. General Zoology, or Systematic natural History. Vol. 8. Pt. 2. G. Kearsley, London . p. 542.

Shawkey, M.D., and G.E. Hill. 2004. Feathers at a fine scale. The Auk 121:652-655.

Shropshire , C.M., E. Stauber, and M. Arai. 1992. Evaluation of selected plants for acute toxicosis in budgerigars. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 200:936-939.

Sick, H. 1993. Birds in Brazil : A Natural History. Translated from the Portuguese by W. Belton . Princton University Press, Princeton .

Silva, T. 1986. American Federation of Aviculture (Convention). Magazine of the Parrot Society. 20: 312-315.

Silva, T. 1991. Psittaculture. The Breeding, Rearing & Management of Parrots. Silvio Mattacchione & Co., Pickering , Ontario . pp. 274-279.

Silver, A. 1933. The Parrot Book: Their Care and Feeding. The Marshall Press, Ltd., Milford Lane , London .

Smith, J. 2001. Toxicosis. Exotic Bird Report 13:6-7.

Smith, G.A. 1971. The use of the foot in feeding, with especial reference to parrots. Avicultural Magazine 77:93-100.

Smith, G.A. 1971. Black-headed caiques. Avicultural Magazine 77:202-218.

Smith, G.A. 1972. Nesting and nestling parrots. Avicultural Magazine. 78:155-164.

Smith, G.A. 1972. "Handedness" in parrots. The Ibis. 114:109-110.

Smith, G.A. 1973. Parrot notes. Avicultural Magazine 79:13-15.

Smith, G.A. 1975. Systematics of parrots. The Ibis. 117:18-68.

Smith, G.A. 1976. Notes on some species of parrot in captivity. Avicultural Magazine 82:143-150.

Smith, G.A. 1977. Notes on some species of parrot in captivity. Avicultural Magazine. 83:21-27.

Smith, G.A. 1977a. The year so far (July 1977). Magazine of the Parrot Society. 11(8):185-186.

Smith, G.A. 1985. Problems encountered in hand-reared parrots. Magazine of the Parrot Society. 19:162-171.

Smith, G.A. 1990. The Caique. Part I. The A.F.A Watchbird 17:27-32.

Smith, G.A. 1990. The Caique in Captivity. Part II. The A.F.A Watchbird 17:19-22.

Smith, G.A. 1991. The Caique. The A.F.A. Watchbird 18:49-51.

Smith, G.A. 1991a. The Caique. Magazine of the Parrot Society. 25:191-197.

Smith, G.A. 1996. The Caiques. Caged Bird Hobbyist. 4:22-25.

South, J.M., and T.F. Wright. 2002. Nesting sex ratios in the yellow-naped Amazon: no evidence for adaptive modification. The Condor. 104:437-440.

Sparks, J., and T. Soper. 1990. Parrots a Natural History. Facts On File, Inc. New York . p. 41.

Speed, N. 2003. Juvenile interaction in the nursery. 2003 Proceedings of the American Federation of Aviculture. pp. 129-133.

Steiner, C.V., and R.B. Davis. 1981. Caged Bird Medicine. University of Iowa Press, Ames , IA.

Stoltz, J.H., F. Galey and B. Johnson. 1992. Sudden death in ten psittacine birds associated with the operation of a self-cleaning oven. Veterinary and Human Toxicology 34:420-421.

Stott, K. 1948. Notes on the longevity of captive birds. The Auk. 65:402-405.

Stromberg, L. 1977 (revised 2002). Sexing all fowl, baby chicks, game birds, cage birds. Stromberg Pub. Co. , Pine River , MN

Sutherland, W.J. 2002. Science, sex abd the kakapo. Nature 419:265-266.

Sweat, R. 2002. Increasingly rare pet birds. BirdTalk 20(12):74-77.

Swicegood, C. 1998. Feeding the flock. The AFA Watchbird 25(Sept/Oct):52-56.

Swartz. M.J., D. Rosane, F.I. Michelangeli, and E. Rodriguez. 1998. Chemical ecology of food items of five frugivorous Amazonian birds. Emanations from the Rainforest, Vol. 1, No.1. (Abstract. Available at Cornell University website for short time.)

Taczanowski, W. 1884-1886. Ornithologie du Pérou. Rennes .

Talan, D.A., D.M. Citron, F.M. Abrahamian, G.J. Moran, and E.J.C. Goldman. 1999. Bacteriologic analysis of infected dog and cat bites. New Eng. J. Med. 340:85-92.

Tauer-Reich, I. , G. Fruhman, A.B. Czuppon, and X. Baur. 1994. Allergens causing bird fancier's asthma. Allergy 49: 448-453.

Tell, L.A. , and B.L. Lasley. 1991. An automated assay for fedal estrogen conjugates in the determination of sex in avian species. Zoo Biology 10: 361-367.

Terborgh, J., S.K. Robinson, T.A. Parker, C.A.Munn and N. Pierpont. 1990. Structure and organization of an Amazonian forest bird community. Ecological Monographs 60:213-238.

Tewksbury , J.J., and G.P. Nabhan. 2001. Directed deterrence by capsaicin in chillies. Nature 412:402-403.

Them, P. 1988. Caiques. Clown of the parrots. The A.F.A. Watchbird 15:20-26.

Them, P.H. 2000. Weissbauchpapageien. Papageien 12: 404-408.

Thiollay, J.-M. 1999. Reponses of an avian community to rain forest degradation. Biodiversity and Conservation 8:513-534.

Todd, W.E.C. 1925. Four new birds from Brazil . Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington . 38: 111-114.

Tokita, M. 2003. The skull development of parrots with special refernce to the emergence of morphologically unique cranio-facial hinge. Zoological Science 20:749-758.

Tostain, O., J.-L. Dujardinn, C. Érard, and J.-M. Thiollay. Oiseaux de Guyane. 1992.

Traylor, M.A. 1958. Birds of northeast Peru . Fieldiana Zoology. 35:87-141.

Tully, T.N. Avian respiratory disease: clincal overview. J. Avian Med. Surg. 9: 162-174.

United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service. (9 CFR Parts 130 and 156).

van Oosten, J.R. The maturing of aviculture. The Magazine of the Parrot Society. 19:129-132.

van Praag, H., G. Kempermann and F.H. Gage. 2000. Neural consequences of environmental enrichment. Nature Reviews Neuroscience. 1:191-198.

 van Roosmalen, M.G.M., and Roosmalen-Blijenberg, B. 2003. www.amazonflora.com.

Vehrencamp, S.L., A.F. Ritter, M. Keever and J.W. Bradbury. 2003. Presonses to playback of local vs. distant contact calls in the orange-fronted conure Aratinga canicularis. Ethology 109:37-54.

Vice, T.E., and M.E. Mainster. 1984. Feeding your caged bird. Texas Vet. Med. J. Nov.-Dec. pp. 30-31.

Vogler, B.K., and E. Ernst. 1999. Aloe vera: a systematic review of its clinical effectiveness. Brit. J. Gen Prac. 49:823-828.

Wade, L.L., and S.J. Newman. 2004. Hemoglobinuric nephrosis and hepatosplenic erythrophagocytosis in a dusky-headed conure (Aratiga weddelli) after ingestion of garlic (Allium sativus). Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery 18:155-161.

Walther, B.A.. 2002. Grounded ground birds and surfing canopy birds: variation of foraging stratum breadth observed in neotropical birds and tested with simulation models using boundary constraints. The Auk 119:658-685.

Walther, B.A. 2002a. Vertical strarification and use of vegetation and light habitats by Neotropical forest birds. Journal of Ornithology 143:64-81.

Wheatley, N. 1995. Where to watch birds in South America. Princeton University Press, Princeton , NJ .

Weaver, N.S. 1995. Having fun breeding the black-headed caique. Bird Breeder. Feb. pp. 16-19.

Westen, K. 1988. Der Grünzügelpapagei. Papagein. Apr. p. 114.

Whitney, B.M. 1996. Flight behavior and other field characteristics of the genera of the neotropical parrots. Cotinga 5:32-42.

Wikelski, M., M. Hau, and J.C. Wingfield. 2000. Seasonality of reproduction in a neotropical rain forest bird. Ecology 81: 2458-2472.

Wilson, L. 2001. Biting and screaming behavior in parrots. Veterinary Clin. North Am. Expt. Anim Pract. 4:641-650.

Wissman, M.A. 1999. The Birds and the Bees. BirdTalk 17(4): 50-60.

Wolf, P., and J. Kamphues. 2003. Hand rearing of pet birds – feeds, techniques, and recommendations. Journal of Animal Pysiology and Animal Nutrition. 87: 122-128.

Wolf, P., N. Rabehl, and J. Kamphues. 2003a. Investigation on feathering growth and potential influences on nutrient supply on feathers’ regrowth in small pet birds (canaries, budgerigars and lovebirds). Journal of Animal Pysiology and Animal Nutrition. 87: 134-141.

Worth, G.J. 1998. Breeding aspects of caiques and pionus parrots. The AFA Watchbird. 25:37-39.

Wright, T.F. 1996. Regional dialects in the contact call of a parrot. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B - Biological Sciences 263: 867-872.

Wright, T.F. 1999. Vocal communication in wild populations of the Yellow-naped Amazon. Watchbird 26: 7-9.

Zarbock, M. 2000. The unique caique. BirdTalk 18(8):12-23.